Cut-leaf nightshade
Solanum triflorum
Synonyms: Solanum triflorum var. majus, Solanum mendocinum, Solanum triflorum var. minus, Solanum calophyllum, Solanum pyrethrifolium, Solanum triflorum var. pyrethrifolium, Solanum triflorum f. malvinum, Solanum triflorum var. ponticum, Solanum triflorum var. calophyllum, Solanum ponticum, Solanum triflorum var. dentatum, Solanum gaudichaudii var. pyrethrifolium
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Botanical Description
Solanum triflorum, the cut-leaf nightshade, is an annual herb of the Solanaceae family native to central and western North America and now naturalized in temperate regions worldwide. It is prostrate to weakly ascending, forming low spreading mats 20-60 cm across, with branching, slightly pubescent stems. The alternate leaves are 2-7 cm long, deeply pinnately lobed with three to seven narrow, oblong segments per side, giving the plant its characteristic 'cut-leaf' appearance. The small, white to pale lavender flowers, 6-10 mm across, are borne in axillary clusters typically of two to four (rarely a single triflorous cyme), each with five reflexed lobes and prominent yellow anthers. Fruits are smooth, globose green berries 8-15 mm in diameter, often retaining green or marbled coloration even at maturity, containing many flattened seeds. The plant grows in disturbed sandy soils, prairies, riverbanks, and roadsides. Like related nightshades, unripe berries and foliage contain toxic glycoalkaloids including solanine.
Cultural & Historical Context
Traditional American Uses
Solanum triflorum was used medicinally and as a famine food by several Plains and Southwestern tribes. The Blackfoot took the plant for stomach problems and as a pediatric aid, and used the whole plant as a fertilizer (Hellson, 1974). The Lakota employed an infusion as a treatment for diarrhea (Rogers, 1980). The Western Keres, Acoma, Laguna, and Zuni used the ripe berries as food, occasionally cooked into a sauce or relish, and the Navajo (Ramah) used the plant medicinally as a pediatric and gastrointestinal aid, as well as a veterinary remedy (Vestal, 1952). Unripe berries and foliage were recognized as toxic and avoided.
Chemistry & External Identifiers
Important Disclaimer
This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before using any herbal remedy, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, or taking medications.